Suicide Bombers: Psychopaths or Not?

Mental case or not? Are self destruction aircraft insane? Do you think their perspective is normal? From the start, the appropriate response anybody would give appears glaringly evident: they should be insane and have unreasonable musings to explode themselves and execute honest individuals all the while. In any case, fear based oppression specialists have proposed a few levelheaded intentions in their activities. Some political researchers accept that fear based oppressors settle on a strategic decision to utilize self destruction bombings against a more grounded adversary. Different specialists contend that self destruction fear based oppression is a piece of a â€Å"cycle of humiliation† energized by a self destruction bombers’ want to strike back at the individuals who have abused or disgraced them.Some therapists have presumed that self destruction planes are normal, ordinary individuals who are probably not going to submit vicious acts until they relate to and joi n a psychological oppressor bunch which controls and compels them to submit these savage demonstrations. Self destruction bombarding assaults have become a weapon of decision among psychological oppressor bunches on account of their lethality and capacity to cause anarchy and dread. Despite the fact that discouraging, the practically day by day news reports of passings brought about by self destruction assaults once in a while clarify what spurs the attackers.Between 1981 and 2006, 1200 self destruction assaults comprised 4 percent of all fear based oppressor assaults on the planet and killed 14,599 individuals or 32 percent of all psychological warfare related passings. The inquiry is the reason? Somewhere in the range of 1981 and 2006, 1200 self destruction assaults comprised 4 percent of all psychological oppressor assaults on the planet and executed 14,599 individuals or 32 percent of all fear based oppression related passings. (figure 1) Despite everyone’s generalization conviction that self destruction planes â€Å"are both sociopathic and silly individuals, numerous political specialists accept that most fear based oppressors are discerning individuals with strategic goals.Evans (a political researcher), for instance, contends that psychological oppression is a technique. The individuals who use it need to uncover their motivation, bring the foe into an exorbitant clash, and incite an overcompensation that will make the adversary look stupid or malevolence, select supporters, and forestall finding the center ground. Robert Pape additionally accepts that self destruction fear based oppression has a fundamental key rationale. It is governmental issues more than strict energy that has driven fear based oppressors to blow themselves up.In Roberts see, â€Å"Suicide-psychological oppressor assaults are not empowered by religion however more as a reasonable key target: to compel present day vote based systems to expel military powers from the region that the psychological oppressors see as their country. † While fear mongering can be viewed as a reasonable system, sentiments of disgrace and shame may settle on self destruction the weapon of decision since they can get their vengeance just as simply end their hopeless life, Interviews of bombed aircraft or planes in-preparing uncover that they are striking back at the individuals who embarrassed or harmed them.On October 4, 2003, multi year old Palestinian attorney Hanadi Jaradat detonated her self destruction belt in the Maxim café in Haifa killing 20 individuals and injuring some more. As per her family, her self destruction crucial in retribution for the executing of her sibling and her life partner by the Israeli security powers and in vengeance for all the wrongdoings Israel had executed in the West Bank by slaughtering Palestinians and appropriating their territories. The principle rationale in numerous self destruction bombings in Israel is retribution for acts sub mitted by Israelis. The aircraft need to communicate something specific: their adversaries are answerable for their embarrassment and eventually for their death.In September 2007 when American powers struck an Iraqi extremist camp in the desert town of Singar close to the Syrian fringe they found memoirs of in excess of 700 remote contenders. The Americans were astounded to locate that 137 were Libyans and 52 of them were from a little Libyan town of Darnah. The motivation behind why such a significant number of Darnah’s youngsters had gone to Iraq for self destruction missions was not the worldwide jihadi belief system, yet a hazardous blend of distress, pride, outrage, feeling of feebleness, neighborhood convention of opposition and strict fervor.A comparable blend of elements is currently propelling youthful Pashtuns to chip in for self destruction missions in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Additional proof that self destruction planes are reacting to mortification is found in the 430 recorded histories of self destruction aircraft which were painstakingly broke down by psychological oppressor specialists Haqqani and Kimmage. Teacher Riaz Hassan, writer of an inevitable book on self destruction bombarding, lets us know. For one, the tried and true way of thinking that aircraft are crazy or strict devotees is wrong.Typically, most self destruction planes are mentally typical and are profoundly incorporated into informal organizations and sincerely joined to their national networks. Singular planes show no character issue and the assaults themselves are frequently politically roused, planned for accomplishing explicit vital objectives, for example, compelling concessions or producing more prominent help. In addition, the inspirations are unpredictable: â€Å"humiliation, vengeance, and altruism† all drive the person to participate in, and the network to ignore, self destruction shelling. Surely, as Hassan notes, articipating in self destruction besie ging can satisfy a scope of implications from the â€Å"personal to collective. † Without understanding these inspirations and tending to them, it would show up the administrations or associations that try to end self destruction bombings are probably going to be disillusioned. Mortification, vengeance and unselfishness assume a key job at the authoritative and individual levels in forming the sub-culture that advances self destruction bombings. Mortification is a passionate procedure that looks to teach the objective party’s conduct by assaulting and bringing down their own and others’ assessments of whether they merit respect.Revenge is additionally a reaction to the consistent enduring of an oppressed network. At the core of the entire procedure are view of individual mischief, shamefulness and foul play, and the displeasure, resentment, and contempt related with such recognitions. The inspiration for jihad is quite often . . . the problem of the embarrassed Muslim country, exploited by the joint abhorrence powers of kufr (unbelief, epitomized by the United States as the foe twisted on the annihilation of Islam) and tawaghit (dictators who have set themselves up, or are propped up, as divine beings on earth).Although Americans will in general consider self destruction planes as â€Å"individual individuals taking individual choices to execute people† says Timothy Spengler, they normally work as individuals from exceptionally organized fear based oppressor gatherings. For planes in-preparing, sentiments of disgrace and humiliationâ€even their individual identitiesâ€are supplanted by ID with the gathering, as therapist Vamik Volkan clarifies: â€Å"In typical life, an individual who needs to kill themself has low confidence. For the self destruction planes it was simply the oppositeâ€by executing, you increase self-esteem.These were individuals with splits as a part of their character that could be topped off, as though w ith concrete, with the enormous gathering personality. So their distinction was eradicated. † Once enrolls have related to a psychological militant gathering, they are happy to do anything asked by the gathering and face extraordinary challenges since they feel strong. Their individual thought processes and qualities are supplanted by the intentions and estimations of the fear monger gathering, and contradiction or addressing of the group’s standards isn't encouraged.Men append more an incentive to retaliation than ladies; and youngsters are progressively arranged to act in a wrathful way than more established people. It isn't unexpected, at that point, to locate that most self destruction planes are both youthful and male. The way to understanding self destruction planes, at that point, is to comprehend the associations and gatherings that enroll and train them to be the individuals you know them as. Understanding the fear monger organization’s rationale is a hi gher priority than understanding individual inspirations in clarifying self destruction attacks.Suicide bombings have high emblematic worth on the grounds that the ability of the committers to pass on signals high determination and devotion to their motivation. They fill in as images of a simply battle, invigorate mainstream support, produce money related help for the association and become a wellspring of newcomers for future self destruction missions. As Cronin finishes up, â€Å"Although . . . singular self destruction aggressors . . . are not actually ‘crazy,’ . . . they are frequently controlled by the weights and conviction structures of the group†. The reasons for self destruction bombings lie not in singular psychopathology yet in more extensive social conditions.Understanding and information on these conditions is indispensable for creating fitting open approaches and reactions to secure the general population. Self destruction bombings are completed by propelled people related with network based associations. Methodologies planned for discovering approaches to instigate networks to surrender such help would abridge support for psychological oppressor associations. Procedures for dispensing with or if nothing else tending to aggregate complaints in concrete and compelling manners would have a noteworthy, and, much of the time, quick effect on facilitating the conditions that sustain the subcultures of self destruction bombings.Support for self destruction shelling assaults is probably not going to lessen without substantial advancement in accomplishing probably a portion of the crucial objectives that self destruction aircraft and those supporting and supporting them share. The most significant decision a self destruction assailant makes isn't when to press the trigger, yet whether to join a psychological oppressor gathering. (figure 2) Figure1 [pic] Figure 2 References Altman, N. (2005, March/April). On the brain science of self d estruction besieging. Tikkun, 20(2). Recovered November 20 2012, from Academic Search Elite database. Atran, S. (2004, Summer).Mishandling self destruction psychological warfare. The Washington Quarterly, 27(3), 67â€90. Recovered November 20 from the Center for Strategic and International Studies Web website: www. twq. com/04summer/docs/04summer_atran. pdf Cronin, A. K. (2003, August 28). Fear based oppressors and self destruction assaults. CRS Report

Anthropology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human studies - Assignment Example Different districts have their own jeopardized species for which the emergency basically applies, yet in most broad definitions, it is utilized to allude to the slaughtering of the incredible gorillas and different primates (Jurmain 129). Potential answers for this issue incorporate expanded protection gauges in the parks and untamed life reservations. Furthermore, plunges could be made in hotspots and those captured be given strong fines and long sentences to hinder the training. The two people and primates are social creatures, and this implies they exist in social settings and not in single presence. This attribute exists between the two gatherings, and however it’s for resistance, it likewise helps in understanding a type of progressive structure. Also, the two primates and people reliably groom one another, as a type of social conduct that bonds them together (Jurmain 160). This is particularly because of the comparability in forelimbs, which empower the two people and primates utilize their fingers for prepping purposes. Additionally, the two primates and people acknowledge territoriality and any two given groups need to regard the territoriality of one another. Furthermore, the two people and primates have a feeling of correspondence, which is a conduct characteristic that helps with keeping up the social structure of the gatherings. Primates have culture, and this is as characterized by their conduct that is perceptible from different natural and developmental points of view. Shreeve (1991) delineates the different similitudes that can be drawn from the conduct of primates and people, and as a rule, the proof of a culture is effectively observable since both have one transformative foundation. One distinct portrayal of culture is the moderately propelled part of double dealing, which is a significant endurance strategy for primates. It is so all around cutting edge that it is one of the most broadly utilized systems in nature. The social idea of primates requires the requirement for some culture, since there will undoubtedly expanded degrees of

How to Find the Best Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

How to Find the Best Compare and Contrast Essay TopicsThe process of finding the best compare and contrast essay topics should be taken into account before you begin writing your essay. The reason for this is that you will not be able to get a fair idea of what the online company expects you to write if you send them a few samples before sending them the entire work.In order to decide on the best compare and contrast essay topics, you need to first understand what an essay will entail in the main. While most traditional topics such as history or geography are still appropriate to use, you will be able to achieve much better results when you begin to look at current topics such as the financial crisis. With the current state of the economy and market, you will have much better odds of being successful when trying to find the best compare and contrast essay topics that fit your needs.The first thing that you need to do when looking for the best compare and contrast essay topics is to p repare a topic or theme. Most people spend several hours looking through various online discussion boards, creating detailed surveys, and doing web research before they finally realize that they will not be able to find the perfect topics. The problem with this is that you are only going to get one shot at actually getting something written. You will not be able to do this again if you try to repeat the previous attempt.By organizing your resources and gathering information that fits into your own unique approach, you will be able to come up with topics that will be more likely to succeed. There are many different approaches that you can take, but the best approach is going to depend on your specific purpose.If you are simply trying to get some ideas for an essay, you will be better off using the online forums and blogging communities for the best compare and contrast essay topics. These include topics such as breaking news stories, corporate restructuring, and the economic situatio n of certain states or countries. Youcan find these topics by reading blogs and participating in forums related to the topic.The next thing that you need to do is determine how many resources you will need in order to be able to produce the best compare and contrast essay topics. It is quite possible that you will need only a little help in order to produce an excellent article, but you should know that if you attempt to write the entire project on your own, you may find that you cannot finish the project in a reasonable amount of time.The best approach that you can take in order to choose the best to compare and contrast essay topics is to speak with people who have already written the articles that you plan to write. This will allow you to get ideas from those who have already made it through the process. This can also provide you with valuable ideas on what has been done and what you need to do.Once you have the right essay topics, you will then need to follow the guidelines set forth by the online publication that you will be writing for. The guidelines will vary depending on the company, but the most common are a certain length of time to complete the assignment, giving the option for the writer to revise the assignment, and stating a deadline. Most publications will require the writer to adhere to a certain time frame so that the company will not have to pay for a piece that was not completed.

Therapeutic Recreations Role in Cardiac Rehabilitation Essay

Introduction We live in a changing world in many ways, and one of these evolving characteristics is that humans tend to live longer now. We in Ireland can expect to live into our mid-seventies on average. This can be attributed to scientific and technological developments and our own changing attitudes. Dunning (1993) describes this using Elias civilising process theory when he explains that society has evened out somewhat with economic growth and the growing power of the lower social strata over the past century or so. Dunning goes on to explain that as a result of the prevalence of democratic and stable governments and the growth in division of labour, it is the case that people in the more civilised societies of today are†¦show more content†¦Sports for the physically disabled moved on at a great pace from there, to where we now see Paralympians compete every four years at incredible standards in their own games following each Olympics. But it was not until 1968 that a similar association was set up for people with mental disabilities. This is when Eunice Kennedy Shriver founded Special Olympics International (SOI), which now has branches in over 130 countries and holds summer and winter games every four years. The events that brought people with disabilities from the shadows of social acceptance and inclusion, like sports participation, and the civilising process started to gain credence in academic circles. Many fields of study evolved to look at the subject. One such area is therapeutic recreation (TR) which is part of the National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA). In its infancy TR was known as hospital recreation, medical recreation and recreation therapy. It finally settled on therapeutic recreation in 1967 when the National Therapeutic Recreation Society was founded (Sherrill, 1998). The essay will focus on how TR specialists assist is the rehabilitation of individuals who suffer from cardiac disease. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Stopford (1987) defines disability as: Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being. CVD is a common

African-American History Timeline 1900 to 1909

In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled that separate but equal was constitutional through the Plessy v. Ferguson case. Immediately local and state laws were created and in some cases, enhanced to prohibit African-Americans from participating fully in American society. However, almost immediately, African-Americans began working to prove their worth in American society. The timeline below highlights some of the contributions as well as some tribulations faced by African-Americans between 1900 and 1909. 1900 James Weldon Johnson and John Rosamond Johnson write the lyrics and composition for Lift Every Voice and Sing in Jacksonville, Fl. Within two years, the song is considered the African-American national anthem.The New Orleans Race Riot begins on July 23. Lasting four days, 12 African-Americans and seven whites were killed.The National Negro Business League is established by Booker T. Washington. The purpose of the organization is to promote African-American entrepreneurship.Nannie Helen Burroughs establishes the Womens Convention of the National Baptist Convention.An estimated two-thirds of landowners in the Mississippi Delta are African-American farmers. Many had purchased land following the Civil War.Since the end of the Civil War, an estimated 30,000 African-American men and women have been trained as teachers. The work of these educators assists the African-American population throughout the United States learn to read and write. 1901 George H. White, the last African-American elected to Congress, leaves office.Bert Williams and George Walker become the first African-American recording artists. They recorded with Victor Talking Machine Company.Booker T. Washington becomes the first African-American to eat the White House. President Theodore Roosevelt invited Washington to the White House for a meeting. At the end of the meeting, Roosevelt invited Washington to stay for dinner.Washington publishes his autobiography, Up From Slavery. 1903 W.E.B. Du Bois publishes The Souls of Black Folks. The collection of essays explored issues concerning racial equality and denounced Washingtons beliefs.Maggie Lena Walker establishes the St. Lukes Penny Savings Bank in Richmond, Va. 1904 Mary McLeod Bethune establishes Bethune-Cookman College in Daytona Beach, Fl.Dr. Solomon Carter Fuller becomes the nations first African-American psychiatrist. Fuller trained at the Royal Psychiatric Hospital at the University of Munich. 1905 The African-American newspaper, The Chicago Defender is published by Robert Abbott.Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter found the Niagara Movement. The first meeting is held on July 11-13. The organization later morphs into the (NAACP) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.African-American residents of Nashville boycott streetcars to show their disdain for racial segregation. 1906 African-American evangelist William J. Seymour leads the Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles. This revival is considered the foundation of the Pentecostal Movement.A riot, known as the Brownsville Affray, breaks out between African-American soldiers and local citizens in Brownsville, Texas. A local resident is killed. In the coming months, President Theodore Roosevelt discharges three companies of African-American soldiers.The Atlanta Race Riot breaks out on September 22 and lasts for two days. Ten African-Americans and two whites are killed as a result.Seven African-American male students attending Cornell University establish Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity. This will become the first collegial fraternity for African-American men. 1907 Alain Locke becomes the first African-American Rhodes Scholar. Locke will go on to be an architect of the Harlem Renaissance, also known as the New Negro Movement.Edwin Harleston, a security guard, and budding journalist, establishes The Pittsburgh Courier.Madam C.J. Walker, a washerwoman working and living in Denver, develops hair care products. 1908 The first African-American sorority, Alpha Kappa Alpha, is established at Howard University.The Springfield Race Riot begins on August 14 in Springfield, Ill. This race riot is considered the first of its kind in a Northern city in more than 50 years. 1909 In response to the Springfield Riot and a number of other incidents, the NAACP is founded on February 12.African-American Matthew Henson, Admiral Robert E. Peary, and four Eskimos become the first men to reach the North Pole.The New York Amsterdam News is published for the first time.The first national African-American Catholic fraternal order, The Knights of Peter Claver, is established in Alabama.

The Book The Banquet - 1450 Words

Introduction What was thought to be dead was seen alive, what seem to be gone was standing here right by your side, we can be lost in stories tricked into thinking that they are nothing more than twisted tales a fantasy but do we really know the truth that lies behind each one. I have told many stories of my own, stories that would haunt you in your sleep with creatures thirsty for your blood and hunger for your meat. Now let me take you on a journey of which I truly hope you will enjoy a journey far away deep into the past, so are you ready? Because the things that awaits you can forever leave you spellbound. Played by the mind Wet droplets are falling from the sky, as dark clouds are forming, â€Å"look like there’s going to be a storm†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦My hunger grew intensely as I did not pack any food for what I thought was a short journey regretting my action I continued on. Beatrice and I stopped by a creek for a short rest; we lay together under a tree and l looked up somehow mesmerized by the dark clouds, lost in my own thoughts I fell into a deep slumber. Unaware of the time I woke up dumbstruck as heavy rain shoots down from the sky and gustily wind pushing hard against my face with the sound of thunder crackling all around me. Beatrice and I struggling to get up we hurried to our carriage and quickly took refuge, with our clothes wet and damp we waited for the unforgiving rain to end. With much luck the horrific storm lasted for only a couple more minutes which was a huge relief but had made us fallen behind schedule. We step out of the carriage soaking wet as we hurried to change and quickly continued with no time to spare. Hungry we were Beatrice and I decided that we should stop by an inn hoping to find some food though we have been riding for so long that we don’t know for sure if we were travelling in the right direction relying on my experience we went on. Beatrice than asked me â€Å"sweetie are you sure this is the right way we been travelling for so long, the feast starts tomorrow evening and we need to be there by tonight† , I replied â€Å" I’m pretty sure this is the way don’t give your hopes up we’ll make it there in time†. I looked at Beatrice and seeing how

Last Dance by That Rogue Romeo free essay sample

This song first caught my attention after being a Newsies fan for two years and I find out that an actor Ive wished to meet has passed away due to cancer. The late actor was friends with this singer named above as the artist. His real name is Kevin Stea and the past actors name is Dominic Lucero. Moving on now. After watching a video Kevin posted about what Dominic was like, I subscribed and received a notice saying that he posted a new music video. That video being Last dance of course. I listen to it, I love it, I teach myself the lyrics. The reason I love it is because it has a thought- provoking feeling to it. The way I see it, its about this couple in a relationship that has them more physically committed than rather mentally and emotionally. One is trying to figure out if they should stay together while the other is just wanting to be in a relationship. We will write a custom essay sample on Last Dance by That Rogue Romeo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Im still trying to figure the meaning all out. I may not be precise but its all Ive got so far. This song has helped get through my rough days and helped me stay positive on my good days. I would say it a song that should never go unmissed.

Pepsi and Its Competitors Essay Example

Pepsi and Its Competitors Essay World Leader In Convenient Foods Beverages Industry †¢ Revenues – About $43 billion and over 198,000 Employees across the globe †¢ PepsiCo was founded in 1965 through the merger of Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay †¢ PepsiCo brands are available in more than 200 countries and territories across the globe †¢ PepsiCo has more than 500 products in it’s portfolio of which 18 brands generate $1 Billion each in retail sales A broad spectrum of beverages worldwide bringing fun and refreshment to consumers Frito-Lay invigorates PepsiCos portfolio of products with plenty of good food and good fun Tropicana, the strongest name in juices; the best of fruit Quaker expands our portfolio with a wide range of healthy food choices Gatorades line of performance drinks adds over 40 years of rehydration sports nutrition research to the PepsiCo portfolio Our Corporate Philosophy Performance with Purpose At PepsiCo we gauge our financial achievement by our social and environmental performance. Our sustainable efforts have given our business the solid foundation we need to keep pace with an ever-changing market A Philosophy That Is Manifested At PepsiCo India Through A Comprehensive Sustainability Program PepsiCo India Our Portfolio Today Meets A Range Of Consumer Food Beverage Needs Beverage Need States Refresh Snack Need States Refresh Hydration Enjoyment Sustenance Enjoyment Health Indulgence Health Indulgence Nourishment Transformation Nourishment Enhancement Energy Energy Serviced By Muscular Brands That Enjoy Consumer Preference and Loyalty Built Through Superior, ConsumerValidated Propositions, Rooted In Insight And Supported By A Robust Information Ecosystem We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi and Its Competitors specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi and Its Competitors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi and Its Competitors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Periodic KPI Tracking Digging deeper Consumer Insights †¢ More than observation or findings – Deeper more penetrating †¢ Talking to consumers, not just talking about them †¢ Recognizing relationships †¢ Re-framing the problem †¢ Driven by both people process †¢ Syndicated data †¢Consumer/ retailer data †¢ Trend reports †¢ Customized research ( qualitative quantitative) †¢ Internal data †¢ Consumer motivation emotional attachment to brands †¢ Consumption rituals †¢ Ethnography †¢ Consumer segmentation,Typology †¢ Consumer/Customer decision making tree However Our Consumer Is A Moving Target – Evolving Rapidly Macro Consumer Trends Point To Consumers in Experience-Maximization Mode Stop-Go Stop-Go Lives Lives The reshaping of culture, community, what it means to belong Adapting to a life that is fast, flexible and lived-on-the-go Community Community Transformations Transformations Health Health Wellness Wellness Increasing focus on Wellness, though low evidence yet of walking the talk The rising currency of visual information New New Communication Communication Currencies Currencies Professional Professional Consumers Consumers Experiential Experiential Society Society Consumers seeking savoring experiences Consumers increasingly becoming demanding, sophisticated contradictory in their shopping patterns Fundamentally Changing The Consumer Engagement Paradigm Bite Sized Communications Niche is the new norm Shorter attention time spans, unprecedented exposure Customization personalization, spurred by increased individualism Authenticity is a key value Brand Affinity is tougher to build Declined trust in Corporations demand for more information Brand Platforms are becoming crowded spaces – Cricket is activated by gt; 130 brands! Consumers Are Now In Control The Rules of Engagement Have Changed Altering the Power Equation Between Advertisers Consumers Much Of This Is Powered By A Changing Media Landscape + My Media We, the Media MANY-TO-MANY Consumer control an engagement Niche Media Mainstream Media ONE-TO-MANY ONE-TO-FEW ONE-TO-ONE Social Media Personal Media Segmented Media Mass Media Media Today Is Feeding Consumers’ Appetite For Content†¦ †¦But Also Affiliating Them To Powerful Ideas Traditionally, Media Distribution Had A â€Å"Top Down† Structure broadcaster affiliate (distributor) affiliate (distributor) affiliate (distributor) affiliate (distributor) affiliate (distributor) Now Media Is Essentially De-centralized Content jumps†¦ Consumers â€Å"broadcast† to other consumers through blogs, BBS and social networks. †¦between platforms†¦ between geographies movie gets uploaded then downloaded THE RESULT: Media Democratisation where anyone can become a journalist, author or film maker Driven By The Fact That Markets Have Become Conversations The Cluetrain Manifesto †¢ An influential book written in 1999 – A set of 95 theeses put forward as a manifesto for all businesses operating in what was suggested as a â€Å"newly connected marketplace† †¢ Fundamental to The Cluetrain Manifesto was the premise that the Internet provided a new and unique forum for communication that would ultimately shift the nature of business communication and marketing. A powerful global conversation has begun. Through the Internet, people are discovering and inventing new ways to share relevant knowledge with blinding speed. As a direct result, markets are getting smarter—and getting smarter faster than most companies. †¢ Powered by Social Media And Web 2. 0 Social media is an umbrella term that defines various activities that integrate technology, social interaction and the construction of words, pictures, video and audio. Source. Wikipedia. org MORE SIMPLY PUT†¦. Social Media is about people having conversations online.. The Social Media Landscape Today Is A Powerful Enabler Of The Changing Conversation Types of Social Media Blogs ( web-logs) †¢ Emerged in the Mid 90s; Simple online diaries by individuals, corporates †¢ Micro blogs †¢ Twitter fastest growing social media brand †¢ Instant messaging, news/image sharing, job board †¢ Continues to evolve as a real-time communication tool †¢ Social Networks †¢ Connections †¢ Music, sports, politics, sex, hobbies †¢ Sub-category includes customizable social networks – eg Ning, KickApps â € ¢ †¢ Video/Image sharing sites †¢ Upload and share; The blurring of ‘public’ vs ‘private’ Social Media Aggregators ‘FriendFeed’, ‘socialthing’ †¢ Centralize users’ various profiles; manage multiple conversations from one location †¢ Social News Aggregators †¢ Submit links to content on other websites †¢ Ranked by discussion it evokes †¢ Social Bookmarking sites – Folksonomies †¢ Bookmark and share useful web pages †¢ Wikis †¢ Creation and editing of interlinked web pages – collaborative websites †¢ 100% UGC – By the readers Media Consumption Is Evolving From LeanBack, Captive to Lean-Forward, Engaged out about OOH, Malls, Book / Music Stores, Theme Parks Mobile Events, Gym, Disc/Pubs, Clubs ean forward Newspaper, Magazines RSS – Feed, Internet Blog, Gaming, Contests, Social Networking lean back TV, Radio Cinema, Movies on Demand, DVR IPTV, Interactive Games scheduled demand participate Both Traditional Media As Well As Social Media Can Be Lean-Forward Traditional media like TV, Press and Outdoor can also be â€Å"lean-forward†. The key i s that the content provides a stimulus that evokes a response/call-to-action and engages in a dialogue with the viewer/reader. An Entire Generation Has Grown Up With Digital As A Way Of Life Consider Some Facts†¦ 27 Social Networking growth at 36% from Jan’ 08 ( Music at 24%, Gaming at 15%) Source: Comscore India – June 2009; Economist – Feb 2009; Social media tracker wave Conversation Velocity- The Speed At Which Chatter Spreads, Is Magnified By Social Networks 28 Average number of friends on facebook Just 2 degrees of separation on facebook results in an exponential multiplier Impact of the chatter: 87% say ‘Word of Mouth’ is a powerful recommendation*. * Source: Nielsen Online Global Consumer Study April 2007 There Is An Emerging Sub-culture Of People Who Simply Consume Online Media 31% 17% China 16% 15% 9% 4% Australia India Korea Malaysia Singapore 16% of those online spend less than 5hrs a week consuming traditional media Ironically, many of these ‘online only’ consumers are still consuming the same content – i. e. Watching TV shows, listening to the radio and so on. Yet they are doing it digitally. The web enables them to access conten t on demand, content previously unavailable, or in a manner that previously wasn’t possible. The Net Is Fast Becoming The Preferred Information Source Search Explosion India 73% of internet users search the web*1 1+ Bn queries per month with 53 Searches per User *2 Over 4. 8 mn Clicks On Search Ads *1 Search revenue projected to touch $120 mn in 2010 from $50 mn *3 *  Source: 1. IAMAI 2008 2. comScore qSearch (June 08) 3. Industry Sources A Significant Growth in ‘Prosumerism’†¦ 32 A Prosumer is someone who both consumes and produces information. A fundamental shift in consumer behavior underpinning Web 2. 0, is the movement from simply consuming information to also producing (and publishing) information – the shift from the â€Å"Consumer† to the â€Å"Prosumer†. Almost 1 in 5 online consumers have started a blog – 60% of them are about personal experiences. Only 14% claim they have visited a corporate blog If brands can learn to converse with, rather than market to consumers, blogs can be used as the ultimate listening post on consumer needs and sentiment. *  Source: Research International APAC study †¦And The Increasing Importance Of Word Of Mouth Taiwan Singapore Malaysia India China Australia Total 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Influenced by online comments Not Influenced by online comments The cross roads between Prosumerism and Social networks – opinions from people you know and trust – is the ultimate in viral communications, either positive or negative, for brands. Life Caching Is Making Us Digital Storytellers†¦ People are sharing and interacting like never before 36,00,000,000: Photos archived till June ’09. That’s roughly 1 photo for every two people on this planet! 13,000,000: The number of articles available on Wikipedia 132%: The monthly growth rate of Twitter users from Jan to Feb ’09 3,000,000: The average number of Tweets per day on Twitter. com 13 hours: The amount of Video uploaded to YouTube every minute 1,00,000,000: The number of videos viewed per day 200,000,000 blogs! ,000,000,000: the number of minutes spent on Facebook each day Facebook is bigger than Russia The Success Of The US Presidential Election Is Testimony To This†¦ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 5,000,000 – the number of active Barack Obama supporters across 15 social networks 14,200,000 – Number of views Obama’s â€Å"Yes We Can† video got on YouTube An additional 15 of the 1800 official and 139,000 unoffici al Obama videos received gt; 1 million views $ 6, 500, 000 – the amount of money 3 million online donors contributed to the ’08 Obama campaign For companies, resistance to social media is futile. Millions of people are creating content for the social web. Your competitors are already there. Your customers have been there a long time. If your business isn’t putting itself out there, it ought to be†¦ Businessweek Feb 19, 2009 What Implications Does This Pose For Marketers? The New Communication Model Will Need To Evolve from Monologue to Dialogue†¦ †¦ Flipping classical marketing on its head Participation Is The New World Order In Marketing A big shift from monologue advertising to conversational advertising/communication †¢ Marketers today are in a unique position today to create competitive advantage by understanding and leveraging the power of technology. †¢ With the use of technology and the internet as our playground we can go from one touch point to millions in a manner of hours †¢ Moving beyond contact with consumers to something much more meaningful†¦ †¢ †¦ that’s engagement †¢ And engagement fosters connections which lead to relationships †¢ Resulting in brand loyalty. Where Effective Communication Will Combine Both Media Dimensions Leveraging The Power And Impact Of Media Convergence†¦ â€Å"†¦where old and new media collide, where grassroots and corporate media intersect, where the power of the media- producer and the power of the media- consumer interact in unpredictable ways. Henry Jenkins, author â€Å"Convergence culture† †¦ And Borrowing On The Principles Of Transmedia Storytelling The cross-platform blitz for â€Å"The Matrix† was generally interpreted as a major advance in digitalera storytelling (The audience can choose how deep to go! ) or, more often, as a major advance in exploitative licensing and marketing The Wachowski Brothers who produced The Matrix supplemented the first chapter of their film trilogy with two more films; Enter the Matrix, a video game that revealed critical events and interactions offscreen before, and during the events of the 2nd and 3rd films; The Animatrix, a series of animated s horts from acclaimed anime directors that covered critical background events and introduced minor characters featured in the later films; and a compilation of Matrix comics from renowned comic artists and writers. Defining Transmedia Storytelling Transmedia stories are those â€Å"which unfold across multiple media platforms with each new text making a distinctive and valuable contribution to the whole† †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Each medium should do whatever it does best At best, each part is self contained to make it accessible on its own terms, without the rest of its components The vision needs to be consistent and unified; if it is redundant or selfcontradicting, participants will notice Can attract multiple audiences by using different approaches in different media, to reach each group The logic shifts from â€Å"licensing† to â€Å"co-creation† Can form communities when it brings people and gives them something to do From Transmedia Storytelling Transmedia Planning Advertising Interactive Experience Advertising Public   Relations Interactive Experience Public   Relations Person Person Central  Idea Brand   Community Person Person Retail Direct   Marketing Retail Direct   Marketing Media Neutral Planning Transmedia Planning The Concept Of Transmedia Storytelling Is Reshaping Entertainment, Marketing, Advertising and Branding In 2001, BMW stunned the ad world by investing in short films which had nothing to do with their product The idea was to give film directors a BMW car around which a compelling short film was to be made. Many of the tales centered on life-and-death chase scenes, but several were humorous or even melancholy. McDowell ( Mktg VP, BMW) figured if The Hire, took off and the films were downloaded from BMWs Web site by 1 million to 2 million viewers, BMW would chalk up the same number of eyeballs as a snappy advertising campaign aired during the Super Bowl, but would reach a higher percentage of BMW-type customers: Progressives with a nose for cinema, technology, and high bandwidth. If you really understand your consumer, you can be very clever about how to communicate. You can change the whole paradigm The buzz started slowly with the first film but grew to avalanche proportions by the time Madonnas short comedy film about a cranky diva was released, overwhelming BMWs expectations and forcing the automaker to add servers as fast as it could. But it didnt stop there. As the short-film gambit rocketed around the blogosphere, national TV broadcasters flooded McDowells office with requests for interviews on CBS, Entertainment Tonight, and Fox News. The novelty of an automaker producing films fanned public interest and stoked downloads. After one year, the number of viewers who had visited BMWs Web site to download The Hire shot to over 21 million, and with three more films added in 2002, it rocketed to 100 million, sparking a Harvard Business School case study. One million enthusiasts ordered a DVD with all eight films. Source: Businessweek Watch the Madonna film at http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=8tDg1YKp8M0 More Recently The Viral Marketing Campaign For The Dark Knight Was A Powerful Transmedia Experience http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=1pd74It? yVofeature=related So What Does This Mean For Brands? Brands will be â€Å"owned† by consumers more than ever before Spark Conversations: Create opportunities for your consumers to own the brand by giving them something to talk about Create brand fans by providing interesting consumer experiences, and then leverage the passion of this user base Both individuality and collectivism are important for consumers – enable this for them through our brands Collaborations and Co-creation will be key Focus on Consumer participation in Idea Generation/ NPD Create Ideas that are open source and that consumers can play with Be willing to let consumers contribute to the brand narrative Collaborations and Co-creation will be key Be prepared to use different media to tell different parts of a story Think about partnerships with brands who have similar core values Be transparent, inclusive – this is the era of Authenticity Lets Take A Look At Some Examples 1) ENABLING RELATIONSHIPS AND COMMUNITY When Pepsi created the first online community for a billion cheering cricket fans the Blue Billion Pepsi’s Bluebillion website has evolved into India’s first online cricket community – an affinity league for a billion cheering Indian fans †¢ †¢ Total page views 2. 58 mn Total unique users 6. 6 L http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=FPXhDGoi6yM When Pepsi branded the Unstoppable generation†¦ Youngistaan The Youngistaan Portal Page Views – 2. 63 MM; Unique Users – 1. 08 MM; Avg Time Spent – 8. 1 mins An Experience Gateway For Youngistaanis; A Key Multiplier of the ATL Idea . –1 s PV s lac 6 s PV – 3 la 1. 8 cs s . 25 lac ws – 1 ie Video V 4 lacs; . 6 PVs – 5 lacs 1. 04 d– ons Coup e load own d – PVs la . 65 3 cs When Nike created the NIKE + RUNNING COMMUNITY http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=nhStKDFGv_s When You Can Use The Internet To Get Off The Internet Source: meetup. com Meetup helps groups of people with shared interests plan meetings and form offline clubs in local communities around the world. With more than 2,000 groups that get together in local communities each day, Meetup is the worlds largest network of local groups. Meetup currently has 4. million members in 3,601 cities worldwide, 46,315 local groups, 4,916 Meetup topics and facilitates 102,000 Meetups monthly. Their tagline? â€Å"Use the Internet to get off the Internet! † 2) SHINE THE SPOTLIGHT ON YOUR CONSUMER Doritos Presented Consumers With The Biggest Stage Ever To Showcase Their Creativity – The Super Bowl! Visit  http://www. crashthesuperbowl. com/ Kurkure Gave Its Evangelists The Ultimate Sign of Respect – Featuring Them on Their Packs †¢ Over 50mm Kurkure packs carried pictures of winners along with their recipes gt;1L entries received Positive impact on both Volume and share of teatime consumption †¢ †¢ Pepsi My Can Leveraged User Passion To Give a New Face to the Pack†¦ And The Brand †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Page Views gt; 3. 6 mn Unique Users gt; 3. 06L Total Video Views gt; 3. 13L Total Votes gt; 2. 89 mn Avg. Time Spent 7. 5 min Smith’s Is Recruiting Consumers To Design Their Next Flavor http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=-poiJFcdCXo 3) CUSTOMIZATION Lays Accelerated Consumer Engagement With Its New Flavors Through Consumer Advocacy Dewmocracy â€Å"you want to vote now. Dew itâ₠¬  Mountain Dew Is Leveraging The Collective Intelligence Of Its User Base to Architecture The Brand: From Flavor To Packaging Graphics http://www. facebook. com/mountaindew#/mountaindew? v=app_11007063052viewas=0 http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=n3mphZrRFgk 4) BREATHE LIFE INTO THE BRAND EXPERIENCE Honda staged a live three-minute TV ad showing a team of skydivers demonstrating Hondas current marketing idea Difficult is worth doing. Pepsi Engaged With Youngistaan By Making The Consumer the Chief Architect WHATS UR WAY? Interrupt Engage Entertain 5) INVOLVE YOUR CONSUMER Pepsi’s Gave its Consumers A Collective Voice refresheverything. com An open letter The idea was to create an OPEN LETTER to the President, simply by asking Millenials ( core TG) the question: What would you say to the man who is about to refresh our nation? The timing was perfect. Just as Pepsi introduced the new brand platform of â€Å"Refresh Everything†, the new President was taking office. The initiative capitalized on the excitement and momentum the entire country was feeling. 7,00, 000 visits to refresheverything. com, Over 700 videos (gt; YouTube benchmark of 200 videos); over 4,000,000 video views www. pepsicotastethesuccess. com/case_study_AV 6,000,000 unique Facebook visitors; On Jan 22nd, #1 most viewed sponsor channel TOI Led A Movement That Sparked A Nation’s Imagination http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=pgHyjMgPi2Q Tata Tea Became A Force For Social Change http://www. jaagore. com/ http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=JXWdhB1xYic 6) CONNECT THROUGH ISSUES THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO YOUR AUDIENCE Quaker Oats Partnered With TOI To Raise Awareness†¦ And Action†¦To Promote Heart Health Sunsilk Created A Space For Young Women To Connect On Issues In Their Life Dove Made Its Brand Hugely Relevant Culturally, By Challenging Stereotypes The creative idea: Challenge narrowly defined stereotypes by promoting the idea that beauty comes in all shapes and sizes The Media Used: Primarily New age http://www. campaignforrealbeauty. com/ http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=oYfwIAWWH6M 7) ENGAGE, INTERRUPT, INFLUENCE Pepsi Max In UK Sharply Jump-shifted Salience And Affinity By Evolving Their Engagement Model†¦ share of spend INFLUENCE share of voice engagement share of mind From Communicating to consumers interruption To Engaging with them Bringing The Story Alive By Being Part Of Their Consumers’ World User generated content Virals Messenger Tabs On-line streaming Mobile UK’s first brand channel on YouTube Burger King Leveraged Its Biggest Asset – The Whopper In A Daring Experiment Burger King Whopper Freakout The restaurant experimented with discontin uing the Whopper for a day. Hidden cameras in the restaurant and the drive-in captured genuine consumer reactions. The film attracted 3. 3 million views and inspired a series of spoofs. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=epsgsfuIN4Y Diesel’s Digital Campaign Positioned The Brand As Cutting Edge http://heidies. com/demo2/ McDonald’s Alternate Reality Games Involved Consumers Without Making Them Feel â€Å"Marketed To† An alternate reality game (ARG) is an interactive narrative that uses the real world as a platform, often involving multiple media and game elements, to tell a story that may be affected by participants ideas or actions. The Lost Ring is an alternate reality game, (ARG) revolving around a fictional Olympic sport that disappeared 2000 years ago that was created by McDonald’s as part of their marketing for the 2008 Olympic Games, in Beijing, China. Read  the  case  at  http://www. thelostring. com/ The Key Challenge For You PepsiCo’s View On Building Brands At PepsiCo, we are committed to building: †¢ Great Brands – – – †¢ with an ambitious vision a distinctive point of view on the world Consumer relevance and bonding Brands built with ideas bigger than just advertising This requires a sharp focus on new rules of consumer engagement, as well as new-age marketing practices that enable a living, breathing relationship with our key consumers The Key Question How can PepsiCo take a leadership position in new age marketing spaces (lean forward media)? More Specifically, Our Challenges Are†¦ How might we leverage lean-forward media to address these following needs? 1. How might new age media be leveraged to build â€Å"brand PepsiCo†? †¢ †¢ With Key stakeholders: Consumers, Customers, Key Opinion Leaders, Government and Institutions? How might this help us engage deeper with them by facilitating dialogue ( as also provide a tool to address consumer concerns) 2. How must consumer-engagement models be structured to suit the brands’ life-stage and communications needs? †¢ How may we drive stronger affinity and connect for brands like Pepsi and Lays which have a â€Å"youth† bulls-eye? Conversely, how can we sharp-shoo t on younger brands like Mountain Dew, Gatorade and Quaker Oats, which have sub-scale AM budgets? 3. What strategic alliances/programs might help us take a leadership position in this space? †¢ †¢ How do we build programs that drive linkages between traditional and new media? Partnership with like-minded brands? Some pointers for you as you work the case†¦ 1. Refer back to slides 24 and 25 for an understanding of the definition of â€Å"lean forward Media†. †¢ Both traditional media as well as social media may be â€Å"lean-forward† – the key is that they must stimulate consumer engagement and dialogue. 2. Consider these facts about the Indian digital market †¢ Despite the large population, total online users are only 57 million ( 5% penetration) †¢ 37% of the users are from Cyber cafes, driven by the growth of online gaming †¢ Broadband has grown 83% from ’07 to ’08. However, 512 mbps is considered broadband †¢ Local language sites have grown to 34% of market †¢ Ecommerce is a USD $2000 Million industry of which travel contributes to 80% †¢ At 400 Million mobile users, India is second only to China †¢ 20% of mobile users are mobile internet users. Most have their first internet experience on their phone. Some pointers for you as you work the case†¦ 3. The tale of two Indias †¢ The TG is not a homogenous group, with key differences between metros and non-metro cities. What’s the new language to connect with both these groups? Young Adults 19-24 yrs, Metros: 4. 1 MM Characteristics Prefer English to Hindi; Experienced online users Key Online Activities Online activities :Emailing-93%, SM-88%, IM/Chats-78%, Job search -78%, Downloads- 69% and News- 66% Higher accessing of content related to dating/friendship, Cinema, financial info and net banking More likely to have a blog , but not as active as their smaller town counterparts Offline Asset Ownership: Own Mobile, Internet Connection at Home, Bank Accounts more than other segments Young Adults 19-24 yrs, Metros: 9. 1 MM Characteristics Prefer Hindi to English Key Online Activities Online activities: Emailing–93%,SM–88%,Job–78%,IM/Chats–77%,Downloads-68% and News- 65% Checking cricket score, mobile content and matrimony search higher than metro Mobile is key Send/receive mail using handset higher than metro Maximum % visiting adult content, SN sites More into blogs and video sharing than metro counterparts, more likely to read a blog and visit blog sites more than 5 times a day. Members of online communities- school/alumni, computers, internet and education highest in this group Offline More computers/laptops than metro counterparts Low cable TV connection/DTH compared to metros Source: Juxt Consult Youth Online Report 2008; Metros: Delhi, Mum, Kolkata, Chennai, Bglore, Hyderabad, Pune, Ahm Some pointers for you as you work the case†¦ Teens 13-18 yrs, Metros: 0. 6 MM Characteristics Comfortable with both English and Hindi Second maximum number of entrants from this group Key Online Activities Mostly accessing from home; Experienced online users with 3 out of 4 accessing over 5 times a day Use more eng info and local language search Online activities: Emailing–87%,SM-81%,Downloads-69%, IM/Chat-68% and Games-59% Least active on online shopping; Members of online communities – professional, games and school, Alumni Offline Very light users of mass media Maximum % of ownership of computer/laptop than the other segments Teens 13-18 yrs, Other towns: 1. 8 MM Characteristics Comfortable with both English and Hindi Maximum online entrants from this group; The only family member using Internet Key Online Activities Use primarily from Home and cybercafe, once daily Online activities :Emailing–86%,SM-85%,IM/Chat-69%,Games-61% and Downloads music/mov-60% Higher accessing of content related to Astrology, Health/lifestyle, cricket score than metros Mobile is key – consistent usage higher than Metro equivalents Members of Games and music communities- video sharing on the rise Searching more than metro counterparts but not buying Offline More iPods than young adults and metro counterparts (on a % basis) Implications Traditional Media †¢ Standard TV advertising has seen a dip in effectiveness, but appetite for content is growing How do we use TV to satiate the hunger for content in a way that is linked to our brands? †¢ The rise of the advocacy channel †¢ Word of Mouth is becoming a big influencer †¢ Media is becom ing catalyst for social activism or at least social activity more people vote for ‘Idol’ than in their national election †¢ Online consumer opinion is now more valued than TV ads or editorial How do we become a part of the conversation? Implications †¢ â€Å"Search online† is becoming the new â€Å"first moment of truth†. How do we configure strategies to emerge on the consumer’s search radar? †¢ Mobiles and Mobile screens are becoming a reflex lifestyle. How can our brands fit in? †¢ Social Networking is growing at a furious pace. How do we play the game by the rules of the medium? Execution Format†¦ 1. Your submission should follow the following format: †¢ †¢ †¢ Your presentation may be in your preferred document format – MS Word or Powerpoint. Your presentation should be within 40 slides or 5000 words. An executive summary should precede your presentation – this is to be presented in video format, between 3-5 minutes duration. The objective is to simply to gauge your presentation skills – we are not looking for sophisticated production values. †¢ Slide 96 has 3 questions posed to you. Your team must address all three.

Greek Mythology to Rational Pre-Socratic Philosophy

Greek Mythology to Rational Pre-Socratic Philosophy This is meant as a general introduction to Pre-Socratic philosophy. Specifically, you should see how Pre-Socratic philosophy emerged as a new way to explain the world anddiffered dramatically from what came before. There are various Greek myths to explain the origins of the universe and of man. Three generations of immortal creatures vied for power. The first were personifications of such things as Earth and Sky, whose mating produced land, mountains, and seas. One Greek mythological concept of man tells of an earlier, happier time a Greek Garden of Eden What Came Before? Mythology ... which didnt die just because alternatives showed up. Like Pre-Socratic philosophy would soon do, mythology also explained the world, but it provided supernatural explanations for the universe and creation. The basic theme of mythology is that the visible world is supported and sustained by an invisible world. - Joseph Campbell Playing the Human World as if a Giant Chessboard Okay. You caught me. There is an old movie from the 70s on a topic from Greek mythology that shows the gods and goddesses playing with the lives of the mortal heroes and damsels in distress as actual pawns on a cosmic chessboard, but the image works. Hollywood aside, some Greeks thought unseen gods manipulated the world from their perches on Mt. Olympus. One god(dess) was responsible for grain, another for the seas, another for the olive, etc. Mythology made guesses about important things that people wanted to, but couldnt see. Early philosophers also made guesses about this unseen universe. The Change to Philosophy: The early Greek, Pre-Socratic philosophers attempted to explain the world around them in more natural terms than those who relied on mythological explanations that divided the labor among human-looking (anthropomorphic) gods. For example, instead of anthropomorphic creator gods, the Pre-Socratic philosopher Anaxagoras thought nous mind controlled the universe. Is That Really Philosophy? Philosophy Science (Physics) Such an explanation doesnt sound much like what we think of as philosophy, let alone science, but the Pre-Socratics were early philosophers, sometimes indistinguishable from natural scientists. This is an important point: philosophy and science/physics werent separate academic disciplines. Philosophy Ethics and the Good Life Later, philosophers turned to other topics, like ethics and how to live, but they didnt give up on their speculation about nature. Even at the end of the Roman Republic, it would be fair to characterize ancient philosophy as both ethics and physics [Roman Women, by Gillian Clark; Greece Rome, (Oct. 1981)]. Periods of Greek Philosophy The Greeks dominated philosophy for about a millennium, from before c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 500. Jonathan Barnes, in Early Greek Philosophy, divides the millennium into three parts: The Pre-Socratics.The period is known for its schools, the Academy, Lyceum, Epicureans, Stoics, and Skeptics.The period of syncretism begins approximately 100 B.C. and ends in A.D. 529 when the Byzantine Roman Emperor Justinian forbade the teaching of pagan philosophy. There are other ways to divide the Greek philosophers. The About.com Guide to Philosophy says there were 5 Great Schools - The Platonic, Aristotelian, Stoic, Epicurean, and Skeptic. Here were following Barnes and talking about those who came before Plato and Aristotle, the Stoics, Epicureans, and Skeptics. The First Philosophical Solar Eclipse This, Barnes first period, begins with Thales alleged prediction of a solar eclipse in 585 B.C. and ends in 400 B.C. Philosophers of this period are called Pre-Socratic, somewhat misleadingly, since Socrates was a contemporary. Some argue that the term philosophy inaccurately limits the sphere of interest of the so-called Pre-Socratic philosophers. Is Students of Nature a Better Term? Students of nature, the Pre-Socratics are credited with inventing philosophy, but they didnt work in a vacuum. For instance, knowledge of the eclipse if not apocryphal may have come from contact with Babylonian astronomers. The early philosophers shared with their predecessors, the mythographers, an interest in the cosmos. Where Does Stuff Come From? Parmenides was a philosopher from Elea (west of mainland Greece, in Magna Graecia) who probably was an older contemporary of the young Socrates. He says that nothing comes into being because then it would have come from nothing. Everything that is must always have been. Myth Writers vs the Pre-Socratic Philosophers: Myths are stories about persons.Pre-Socratics looked for principles or other natural explanations. Myths allow a multiplicity of explanations.Pre-Socratics were looking for the single principle behind the cosmos. Myths are conservative, slow to change.To read what they wrote, you might think the aim of the Pre-Socratics was to knock down earlier theory.Myths are self-justifying.Myths are morally ambivalent.-From The Attributes of Mythic/Mythopoeic Thought Philosophers sought a rational order observable in the natural phenomena, where mythographers relied on the supernatural. Pre-Socratics Denied a Distinction Between Natural Supernatural: When the Pre-Socratic philosopher Thales (of eclipse fame) said all things are full of gods, he wasnt so much singing the swan song of mythographers or rationalizing myth. No, he was breaking new ground by, in Michael Grants words, ... implicitly denying that any distinction between natural and supernatural could be legitimately envisaged. The most significant contributions of the Pre-Socratics were their rational, scientific approach and belief in a naturally ordered world. After the Pre-Socratics: Aristotle and So Forth: With the philosopher Aristotle, who valued evidence and observation, the distinction between philosophy and empirical science began to appear.Following the death of Alexander the Great (a student of Aristotles), the kings who divvied up and ruled his empire began to subsidize scholars working in areas, like medicine, that would do them some good.At the same time, the philosophical schools of the Stoics, Cynics, and Epicureans, that were not interested in empirical science, took hold.Michael Grant attributes the separation of science and philosophy to Strato of Lampsacus (successor of Aristotles successor, Theophrastus), who shifted the focus of the Lyceum from logic to experiment. Pre-Socratics May Have Been Rational But They Couldnt Possibly All Be Right: As Barnes points out, just because the Pre-Socratics were rational, and presented supportive arguments, doesnt mean they were right. They couldnt possibly all be right, anyway, since much of their writing consists in pointing out inconsistencies of their predecessors paradigms. Sources: Jonathan Barnes, Early Greek PhilosophyMichael Grant, The Rise of the GreeksMichael Grant, The Classical GreeksG.S. Kirk and J.E. Raven, The Presocratic PhilosophersJ.V. Luce, Introduction to Greek PhilosophyThe Attributes of Mythopoeic Thought​ Related Resources: Presocratic PhilosophyPythagoras of SamosEpicureansStoics

My travels around the world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My travels around the world - Essay Example On the first day, I have arrived by plane from UAE to Paris, taken my bags and then went to the hotel. I have arranged my room before sleeping. On the second day, I went to the Montmartre area to see the Basilique du Sacrà ©-Coeur and walked up to the metro that would take me to the Eiffel Tower. Going up the tower for a full view of the city is a prime Paris tourist activity. At night, I have taken dinner then made my way over again to see the beautiful Eiffel Tower at night. At night, the Eiffel Tower, with its lights, is a beautiful sight to behold. The next day I have gone to the Louvre for an afternoon of art, culture, and history. I have taken lunch at the food court in the Carrousel du Louvre under the glass pyramid. The next item on my itinerary was to go up to the second most famous places in Paris, the Arc de Triomphe, for a panoramic view of Paris. On the fourth day, I have stayed at the hotel because I was very tired. In the next two days, I have gone to the Shanzelize S treet to do some shopping.   On March 8, 2013, I arrived by plane in Madrid, took my bags to the hotel and went to sleep. The next day, I went to the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum and chose this Museum because it has covered more contemporary art periods. I then walked up to Parque Del Retiro, one of the best city parks I have ever seen. It is very beautiful. In Parque Del Retiro, there are statues, a lake with boating, all of the kinds of plants and flowers and plenty of places for sitting and relaxing.

Social marketing role on smoking issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social marketing role on smoking issue - Essay Example The paper then moves on to the marketing environment and consumer orientation. In order to develop a better understanding of how social marketing can influence the social issue a discussion on smoking and social marketing is given which covers a number of factors associated with it. In the end conclusion and recommendations are given. Even though the awareness about the ill-effects of smoking has significantly increased over the years, it remains a social problem today effecting millions of people worldwide. For instance, the number of smokers in the UK has dropped by 50 per cent since the 1950’s, still smoking caused around 1.2 million deaths in European region alone in 2000 (Bonas 2005). Many diseases have been associated with smoking, such as low birth weight, high death rate, cancer, heart attacks, stroke, etc. Smoking not only has a negative impact on the health of the smoker, but it also has adverse effects on the people who live around the smoker and the society as a whole, making it a social problem. The problem of smoking is not confined to one particular region but spread over the whole world, especially among the youngsters. According to a study conducted by Schaefer (1979), old smokers who quit are constantly replaced by smokers that originate in the younger generation. Moreover, status symbol was identified to be one of the main causes of smoking, i.e. smoking served as a status symbol which motivated the people to smoke (Schaefer 1979). Most of the people begin smoking during adolescence and the main motivation behind taking up smoking is said to be the frequent advertising of cigarette (Arnett 2001). Sandage defines social marketing as the â€Å"design, implementation, and control of programs calculated to influence the acceptability of social ideas and involving considerations of product planning, pricing, communication, distribution, and marketing research† (Sandage and Fryburger 1960,

Medea Greek Mythology Essay Example for Free

Medea Greek Mythology Essay When Medea decides to take matters in to her own hands, about punishing the people who have done wrong to her, she is accused of wanting not justice—vengeance. Because I am not a native of neither Corinth nor Colchis, I have my own view about her motives. However, I would agree with the Corinthian Women, Medea is seeking vengeance; not justice. Some people might argue that Medea is seeking justice. When in actuality, Medea wants vengeance. The opposition would say justice took place because the Gods allowed Medea the time to perform her various acts. Although these things happened Medea turned to vengeance when she took it upon herself to kill Creon and his daughter Creusa. Even the chorus, the â€Å"ideal spectators†, implies that Creon is a poor king when, after he banishes Medea, the First Corinthian Woman sympathizes, â€Å"I am of Corinth and I say that Corinth is not well ruled. †(1. 214-216). This quote gives us proof that Medea has some sort of reason to seek revenge on Creon. However she lets her hatred exceed its boundaries and allows herself to take the lives of the King of Corinth and its Princess all because they chose Jason over her. In addition, her actions all prove that she wants Jason to do more than pay for hurting her. She wants him to suffer at the fate of her own children. Her revenge was selfish. Medea involved the two things she knew would hurt Jason the most—her own children. According to the First Corinthian Woman, â€Å"It would be better for you, Medea if the earth opened her jaws and took you down into darkness. But one thing you will not do, for you cannot, you will not hurt your own children, though wrath like plague-boils aches, your mind in a fire-haze bites the purple apples of pain. No blood-lapping beast of the field, she-bear nor lioness, nor the lean wolf-bitch, hurts her own tender whelps; nor the yellow-eyed, seythe-beaked, and storm shouldered eagle that tears the lambs has ever made prey of the fruit of her own tree. †(2. 115-126). Keep in mind that the Corinthian Women are the conscious of Corinth. Through this quote the First Corinthian Women has stated that Medea could not harm her own children. She even gives examples of the most dangerous predators that don’t even harm their own young. This is evidence that Medea went beyond the state of justice; but she went well into the state of vengeance. Medea knew what she was doing and quite frankly she could care less about anything other than what she thought of what was seeking revenge on Jason. In conclusion, vengeance was sought by Medea. She went above the fact of teaching Jason a lesson; she even stated she hated Jason more than she loved her children. Answer this question is what Medea has done entertaining or morally instructive?

Essay --

Concussion or Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Millions of concussions occur from sports participation every year. These injuries typically occur in collision (football and ice hockey) and contact sports (soccer and basketball) but can occur in any sport even traditional â€Å"non-contact† sports. Concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has been defined as â€Å"a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomechanical forces.† Typically this occurs after a direct blow to the head but can also occur with any blow to the body where forces are transmitted to the head. The symptoms of a concussion occur rapidly and often spontaneously resolve, however, these symptoms can also quickly worsen or return resulting in a medical emergency. Therefore, anyone experiencing the signs symptoms of a concussion or mTBI should consult a physician or medical professional to properly diagnose and treat this injury as monitoring or additional testing (MRI/ CT Scan)may be warranted. The acute symptoms of a concussion are listed in the table below: Signs and Sympto...

Connections Essay

The overall connection that I chose to analyze in this report was the importance of marriage, as it is an idea that is present in almost everybody’s life, and it is something that heavily impacts the nature of a society. Marriage is seen in society in both positive and negative ways, involving emotions from true love to bitterness. In the texts A Thousand Splendid Suns, by Khaled Hosseini, The Ballad of Calvary Street by James K Baxter, The Silk by Joy Cowley and Atonement directed by Joe Wright, this idea of the importance of marriage is clearly present in all of them, yet they are all shown so differently (negatively and positively) as to give examples of the ways that it is interpreted in different societies, and allow me to deduce the importance that this idea holds on a global scale. Romantic love is recognized in most societies by the practice of marriage. This is a prominent symbol in all the texts I have covered except for Atonement, where the absence of marriage is used to show the couple’s true love. In this film, we see that Cecelia and Robbie are in love, however a misunderstanding on the part of Cecelia’s sister, Briony, means that Cecelia and Robbie are prevented from marriage or even being together. This is shown as a particularly tragic incident, which shows the importance that society places on the process of marriage. This is also a very prominent idea in the novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns, which is set in Afghanistan. We see two women, Laila and Mariam, who are owned and controlled by their shared husband, and their lives literally rely on him, because as women, they are unable to attain independence due to their country’s beliefs. In Afghan society, marriage is a sacred business, and any sexual relations outside of marriage are greatly looked down upon, and the punishment for a female offender can be as severe as torture or death by the girl’s family or husband. This also shows the idea of the importance of marriage that is shown in Atonement, as marriage is seen as the pinnacle of happiness in both texts, However in A Thousand Splendid Suns it is shown in a more negative manner, with marriage being shown as an essential burden rather than a desire. Marriage is also shown as a necessity in the poem, The Ballad of Calvary Street, but for different reasons. In this poem, a poorly suited elderly couple stay together, to prevent the disruption of their family. This shows that even New Zealand society can view marriage as an important action, and a obligation in functional family life. This shows a similar idea to that in A Thousand Splendid Suns and Atonement, that marriage is a necessary action. In the short story The Silk, we see an elderly married couple, of which the husband is nearing death. The woman in the relationship is finding it hard to come to terms with her husbands impending demise, as she has a set routine which revolves around her and her husband’s relationship. This presents the idea that is shown in A Thousand Splendid Suns, Atonement and The Ballad of Calvary Street, that marriage is a prerequisite for a happy life, and it is a tragedy to be without it. In the Silk, we can tell that this married couple are truly in love from quotes such as, â€Å"she guarded him so possessively that she even resented the twice-weekly visits from the district nurse,† which shows the devoted way that they take care of each other, presenting the traditional idea of marriage. In Atonement, when childhood sweethearts Robbie and Cecelia are prevented from being together, we are struck by the tragedy of the fact that they will never be able to get married, and live out their lives together. This portrays the aspect of marriage that is shown in The Silk, that marriage is a symbol of the love between two people, and that it is a contract which binds the two people together for the rest of their lives, as we see Robbie and Cecelia denied of this entitlement. In today’s society, a happy couple who are in love are expected to get married. This relates to both The Silk and Atonement, as in both texts marriage is seen as a necessity for the happiness of the people involved, which further supports the idea that society regards marriage as particularly important. From these texts, society may be able to reassess its outlook on the controversial matter of gay marriage. The tragedy of Cecelia and Robbie’s separation that is shown in Atonement and the portrayal of the happiness involved in marriage that is shown in The Silk could be enough to convince the large portion of society that is against gay marriage that they are wrong, as in both texts marriage is shown as a component of happiness that should not be denied of anyone. The relationships and situations that are shown in the texts are not exclusive to heterosexual couples, and would translate just as well to homosexual relationships, meaning that the ideas attached to the texts can be applied to same-sex couples as well, and could have an influence on the opinion that people hold towards gay marriage. Unfortunately, marriage is not always a happy affair, as it is intended to be. This is plainly shown in the text The Ballad of Calvary Street, as we see an unfortunate couple who are forced to remain together due to the stigma attached to divorce. Quotes such as â€Å"Mum takes down the family files,† suggest that family is not an important thing to the couple, since they have fallen apart, but that they continue to treat it as such, as they consider it their duty as parents to remain married. This idea that marriage is a compulsory task is also shown in A Thousand Splendid Suns, as we see protagonist Laila is forced into marriage, for her own survival. Her husband knowingly takes advantage of her vulnerable situation, saying, â€Å"These days, times being what they are, a woman needs a husband,† showing that marriage can often take place for reasons other than love (as was shown in The Ballad of Calvary Street), and that this can easily be taken advantage of. This presents the idea that in many different societies, (New Zealand and Afghan), marriage is seen as an essential measure, even when one or both of the people involved in the relationship are unhappy. Although this is an unfortunate truth, it is one that must sometimes be accepted, as it is often present in today’s society. These texts could help people come to terms with the idea that marriage is not always a representation of love, as they show legitimate alternative reasons for marriage, (the stability of family life or the safety of a person in a certain community. ) This could benefit society as it would create an understanding and acceptance of the reality of marriage today. In conclusion, the idea of marriage is a common theme in many texts, including Atonement directed by Joe Wright, The Silk by Joy Cowley, A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini and The Ballad of Calvary Street by James K Baxter. Although marriage is not always the quintessential act of love and can sometimes tell a tragic story, it is important that it is expressed in forms such as these texts so that society can reflect on its faults and hopefully improve its approach on the subject.

The Function of the Quest or Journey Motif in the Apology...

The quest, in the classical era to the modern notions of the word has meant a coming of age or to notions of learning where at the beginning there was nothing known. The quest in its very nature is a search to find an answer, an artifact of power and wealth or perhaps even for peace; in the platonic dialogues they play a crucial role in the Apology of Socrates and the Crito. The Apology in the trial and death of Socrates is an example of a quest or journey motif applied, whether or not quest or journey is the preferred word is left to you who are reading this. In the apology, Plato is accused of corrupting the youth of Athens and of Atheism, to elaborate on these they are one and the same as Socrates is claimed to have corrupted the minds†¦show more content†¦It is to fulfill some such function that I believe the god has placed me in the city† and further claims his works were for the betterment of the people in his state, never to have charged a fee to teach and never to have been a madman as portrayed by the play of Meletus, Aristophanes, a portrayal of him walking on air and a series of nonsense. From an alternate perspective the Apology is more or less a dissection of the journey motif in a narrative as it explains the process of how Socrates arrived at his ill fate of death and condemnation by his peers, mirrored by other forms of storytelling like Shakespeare’s literary works. A point to be taken of the quest motif applied to the apology is the actions taken by asking the questions he needed to deduce that politicians were liars to the people, poets didn’t understand their own meanings and works and that craftsmen were pretentious speaking as if he were the voice of the oracle of Delphi. His actions thus earning him the ire of the people he claimed to such, the most prominent of which in their stand against Socrates were Meletus, Anytus and Lycon, this represents the establishment of an antagonistic force to be combated by Socrates in his defense, an important part of the motif that purveys the story to continue on. In retrospect the use of the quest in the apology is to convey the knowledge learned by